If you need some help with ink and printing terms, this section will help you. The following glossary should help you grasp the important concepts that control the art and science of ink usage.

Absorption:

The dispersal and decreased transmission of visible light in its interaction with matter, resulting in the change of its color.

Appearance:

The nature of objects as visual attributes, such as size, shape, color, texture, glossiness, transparency and opacity.

Attribute:

Colors are often described by their attributes of hue, saturation or chroma, and lightness.

Banding:

Distinct pattern alterations, rather than a smooth transition of colors or other effects in a gradient. Occurs in continuous tone images when displayed using less than 24 bits of digital information or if printing gradients without sufficient color information.

Black:

The absence of reflected light; the color that is produced when an object absorbs all wavelengths from the light source. When 100% of cyan, magenta and yellow are combined, the resultant color should be black, but in reality produces a muddy gray or brown. Therefore in four-color process printing, black is one of the process inks. The letter "K" is used to represent black in the CMYK acronym to differentiate it from "B" for blue in RGB.

Brightness:

The measurement of the reflective quality of a medium. Different brightness levels can cause changes in the appearance of color on the medium requiring adjustments in calibration to achieve optimum result.

Calibration:

Checking, adjusting and systematically standardizing the graduations of a device.

Chroma:

In visual perception, when an area appears saturated with a particular color or hue. For example, a red apple is high in chroma; pastel colors are low. Black, white and gray have no chroma. Part of the color model, L*C*H or lightness, chroma, hue. Also referred to as saturation.

CIE:

Commission International de l'Eclairage or the International Commission on Illumination, which is the main world institution concerned with color and color measurement.

CMY:

The subtractive primaries cyan, magenta and yellow. Color Calibration:

Coordination of the color matching between two or more digital devices by means by hardware or software.

Color Curve:

Visual mechanism in photo and graphics software to display color measurements and make tonal changes in an image.

Color Separation:

Photographic or electronic process for creating patterns of plates for each component of a color space. In printing, for example, separating the cyan, magenta, yellow and black components of a page image.

Color Wheel:

An arrangement of the visible spectrum's continuum of colors in a circle fashion, that has complementary colors, such as red and green, located opposite from each other.

Colorants:

Materials used to create colors, such as dyes, pigments, toners and phosphors.

Colorimeter:

Device that measures color values in relation to a specific set of standards, such as CIE. Enables measurement of differences in colors more precisely than the human eye.

Cyan:

The "redless" process color. It absorbs all red wavelengths and reflects all blue and green wavelengths of light.

Delta-E:

Unit of measurement of the perceivable difference in a color by the human eye.

Densitometer:

Device used to measure the density of light by means of its absorption by a substrate or surface of paper or film. This is achieved either by reflection or transmission.

Density:

The ability of a material to absorb light. The darker the material, the higher the density.

Digital Printer:

Printing device that translates digital data into hard copy output.

Dithering:

A process that simulates shades of gray or color variations by differing sizes and shapes of pixel groups instead of an ordered array of halftone dots. This reduces the contrast between dots of different colors or shades and yields a more flowing, natural impression.

Dot Gain:

The effect that is described when individual dots in a halftone screen or other such patterns print out larger than their intended size, resulting in a darkening of the image.

Dots per Inch (DPI):

Measurement that describes the resolution of image files by measuring the number of separate pixels represented either horizontally or vertically in one square inch.

Dye:

Colored chemical that dissolves completely in water or other solvent; as opposed to pigments, which are insoluble.

Dye Sublimation:

Color printing technology that produces images by means of gaseous dyes through a thermal printing driver. Enhanced Gamut Color:

When precisely diluted process colors, usually cyan and magenta, are used with CMYK to create more vibrant colors and a continuous-tone effect.

Expanded Gamut Color:

When additional colors, usually green and orange, are printed with CMYK to match a greater number of colors than produced by CMYK alone.

Fluorescent Lamp:

A glass tube filled with mercury gas and whose inside surface is coated with phosphors. Once the gas is charged with electrical current, radiation is produced which then energizes the phosphors and causes them to glow.

Four-Color Process:

Printing or other imaging with combinations of the subtractive primaries of cyan, magenta, yellow and black. These are deposited as dots of different sizes, shapes and angles to create the illusion of different colors.

Gamut:

The range of colors that can be interpreted by a color model or generated by a specific device.

Gamut Compression:

Also known as tonal-range compression. The coordinates of a color space with a larger gamut are reduced to comply with the smaller gamut of a destination color space. For example, the gamut of photographic film is compressed for representation in the smaller CMYK gamut in four-color process printing.

Gradation:

The transition between two colors or between black and no color which is created by mixing percentages of the dominant and secondary color and then alternating them to produce the desired effect.

Halftone:

The process of reproducing an image as a series of variable-sized dots within a fixed grid.

Hexachrome:

Color-matching system from Pantone, Inc. that is used with hi-fi color systems and devices.

Hi-Fi Color:

Printing process that extends the tonal capabilities of most printing presses by employing stochastic screening, six-color printing and other techniques to expand the possible color gamut beyond the traditional abilities of four-color processes.

Hue:

The basic color of an object as defined by its angular position in a cylindrical color space, or on a Color Wheel.

Inkjet:

Printing process where liquid ink is propelled at a substrate, such as paper or film, to form characters and graphics. There are three kinds of inkjet printing: thermal, piezoelectric and phase change.

Intensity:

Saturation, or reflective light, in relation to visible wavelengths of light. The reflectance of wavelengths at high intensity generates high saturation or chroma.

Light:

Electromagnetic radiation in the spectral range that is detectable by the human eye (approximately 380 to 720 nm).

Light Magenta/Light Cyan (LM-LC):

Muted or diluted forms of the two primary colors. When added to CMYK these shades produce more variety in dot color and natural continuous tone printing.

Lightness:

The attribute that makes an area emit or reflect more or less light. Also refers to the perception by which white objects are distinguished from gray, and light from dark objects.

Luminance:

Describes the brightness of an image.

Magenta:

The "greenless" process color. It absorbs all wavelengths of green from light, while reflecting all red and blue wavelengths.

Nanometer (Nm):

The measurement of wavelengths. Unit of length equal to 109 meters, or one millionth of a millimeter.

Opacity:

Describes the resistance of light passing through a substrate.

Pantone Matching System (PMS):

Unique numbering system for identifying colors created by combinations of standard SWOP inks.

PH:

A value that expresses the degree of acidity or basicity of a solution.

Phase Change Inkjet:

Inkjet printing process employing the melting of solid ink plugs and then spraying the droplets on media.

Piezo Inkjet:

Inkjet printing process that uses electric pulses from piezoelectric crystals to stimulate and force ink through inkjet nozzles onto substrates.

Pigment:

Colorant that cannot be dissolved in a liquid. In inks, produces sharper, darker images on a wider range of plain papers.

Pixel:

A tiny picture element that contains red, green and blue information for color rendering on a monitor or scanner. Pixels on a screen are similar to dots of ink on paper. Monitor resolution is described in terms of pixels-per-inch (ppi), while printer resolution is measured in dots-per-inch (dpi).

Pixels per Inch (PPI):

The number of pixels in a rastar image that occur in one line along one inch. The greater the pixels, the higher the resolution. Primary Color:

Colors that are the bases for other colors. In light, the primary colors are red, green and blue (RGB). In color photographic printing, they are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY). Black or key (K) is added as a fourth ink to CMY printing to produce denser, truer blacks and clearer, sharper images.

Print On Demand:

Term for a variety of short-run publishing processes that include copier technologies and direct-to-press applications.

Prism:

Triangular-shaped glass or other transparent material through which, when light is passed, its wavelengths refract into a rainbow of colors. A demonstration that light is composed of colors and indication of the arrangement of colors in the visible spectrum.

Process Color:

Cyan, magenta, yellow and black combined to create a new color.

Raster Image Processor (RIP):

Software and/or hardware used to convert digital printing to information needed by a printer or other device to produce finished output. This action is commonly called "ripping" (a file).

Reflective:

The ability of a surface to bounce back some or all of the wavelengths of light that strikes it.

Resolution:

The number of dots or samples-per-inch that a device is capable of recognizing or producing.

RGB:

The additive primary colors: red, green and blue.

Saturation:

Color attribute that expresses the degree of departure from the neutral gray of the same lightness. Also known as chroma.

Sequence:

The order in which inks are deposited by a printing device. In CMYK inkjets the sequence is yellow, magenta, cyan and black.

Spectral Curve:

A visual representation of a color's spectral data as the color's "fingerprint". A spectral curve is plotted on a grid comprised of a vertical axis of the level of reflectance intensity, and a horizontal axis describing the visible spectrum of wavelengths. The percentage of reflected light at each interval is plotted as points on a curve.

Spectral Data:

The most precise description of the color of an object. Since an object's color appearance results from light being changed by it and reflected to the viewer, spectral data describes how that reflected light was changed. The percentage of reflected light is measured at several intervals across its spectrum of wavelengths, which is then visually represented as a spectral curve.

Spectrophotometer:

An instrument that measures the characteristics of light that is either reflected from or transmitted through an object.

Spectrum:

The spatial arrangement of electromagnetic energy in accordance to size of wavelength.

Spooler:

The space where printing data is held in a computer's memory or hard drive while queuing to a printing device.

Specifications for Web Offset Printing (SWOP):

Formulations for inks used in web offset presses.

Standard:

An established and approved reference against which instrument measurements are evaluated.

Subtractive primaries:

Cyan, magenta and yellow. The theoretical combination of the three at 100% strength should produce black on white paper. Their combination at varying intensities produces a gamute of colors. Combining two primaries at 100% creates either the red, green or blue additive primary.

Cyan+magenta=blue. Cyan+yellow=green. Magenta+yellow=red.

Surface Tension:

The forces of cohesion at the surface of a liquid which encourage the tendency of a liquid to reduce its exposed surface to the minimum area. Molecules within a liquid are attracted equally from all sides, but those near the surface experience unequal attractions and are thus drawn towards the center of the liquid mass by this net force.

Thermal Drop-on-Demand:

Inkjet printing process where inks are heated in a chamber above the print head to a temperature greater than their boiling point. The heat alters and expands the characteristics of the ink, which is then expelled through the head onto the substrate.

Tolerance:

The acceptable difference between the known correct standard and a set of measured samples. See Delta Error.

Viscosity:

The internal resistance to flow exhibited by a fluid.

Visible Spectrum:

The region in the electromagnetic spectrum between 380 and 720 nanometers. Wavelengths within this span produce color as viewed by the human eye. Shorter wavelengths create violets, purples and blues, while longer wavelengths result in oranges and reds.

Wavelength:

Measurement of light as a component of electromagnetic waves. The wavelength is the peak-to-peak distance between two adjacent waves.

Yellow:

Pure yellow is the "blueless" color. It absorbs all wavelengths of blue from light, and reflects all red and green wavelengths.

These brief inkjet word definitions will help you with certain terms of vocabulary which settle on the plateau of ink.